The Left And Right Brain Theory

The human brain is divided into two: the right brain and the left brain. The Herrmann brain dominance theory provides good details on how both divisions of the brain co-ordinate and also gives the functions of each side of the brain. The theory was developed by William Herrmann while leading management at the general electric company. In his model, Herrmann identified four different modes of thinking. The first mode of thinking according to the theory which is analytical thinking involves activities such as collecting data, judging ideas based on facts and logical reasoning.The second mode of thinking is sequential thinking and involves activities such as following direction and structured problem solving. The third type of thinking involves listening and expressing ideas as well as group interaction and is known as interpersonal thinking. The last type of thinking is the imaginative thinking in which individuals look at the bigger picture. (Voges, 2005). The theory thus suggests tha t people develop a thinking preference. Analytical techniques are associated with the left brain while intuitive understanding is associated with the right brain.A person may therefore be dominant in analytical style of thinking but be weaker in interpersonal style of thinking meaning that the person’s left brain is dominant. According to the theory however, all people use all styles but to varying degrees. (De Boer, 2001) Brain hemispheres develop symmetrically meaning that the functions that develop on one side of the brain also develop on the other side. A child who suffers brain injury before attaining the age of four years can utilize the other side of the brain for basic functions.However, the child will not grow normally. This is what happens in children otherwise known as alpha or right brained children. (Barbara, 1982). Most theories of curriculum consider cognition, maturation and development, concepts and skills, thinking skills and the philosophy of education. Mos t core subjects have moved toward student centered experiential and constructivists learning strategies. Constructivism is a theory the nature of knowledge with the belief that knowledge is created by people and influenced by among other things their values and culture.In curriculum therefore, the teacher is expected to pose problems that will challenge the student’s conception of reality. The doctrine of the theory supported by brain research makes it necessary to have major changes in the design and implementation of the curriculum of social studies. It is important to recognize that a child actively develops his /her own meanings from what he/she observes in the community. Change of curriculum in a manner that reflects this aspect would reflect the complex nature of meaning making.This theory supported by the brain dominance theory is very important in offering many social studies teachers a chance to make inquiry teachings a reality. This is because, the dominance theory clearly stipulates that there is a part of the brain charged with the responsibility of acquiring meanings and children therefore should be left to make interpretations on their own albeit under the guidance of teachers(Gibson & Roberta 2004). According to Carla Hannaford, learning is not all in our heads. Understanding and use of connections between the body and mind is the key to extensive learning.Carla also emphasizes the importance of teaching, valuing and developing the whole child. Both sides of the brain are balanced when children are involved in activities such as crawling because Carla argues that learning begins with movement in response to stimulus and then create a context to understand the sensory input. Just as the constructivist theory, understanding has to be made by the children them selves through the coordination of the brain hemispheres, and not just forced on a child. (Carla ,1995)When a child is reading, it is true that not all words are read correctly and man y mistakes are made in the process. An interactive form of learning which involves discussions and hands on experiment where learners try and fail and keep on trying until they get the right thing is very vital in enhancing the child’s reading capabilities. This form of learning falls in the third form of thinking according to the Herrmann’s theory. To help the child further his/her reading capabilities, it is also important that procedural learning be applied.This form of learning involves methodical step by step testing of what is being learnt. This means that the teacher will ask a child to read out some words that had earlier been taught. The constant reference to earlier works and readings will help the child to fully learn. Procedural learning falls in the second category of thinking according to Herrmann’s dominance theory and thus the opposite side of the interactive learning theory. (De Boer, 2001)It is important to note that even if the dominance theor y suggests that people have one side of their brains dominant over the other, comprehensive learning is all about the use of the entire brain. The use of all quadrants as categorized in the dominance theory is the only way to help achieve a students full potential. REFERENCE: De Boer Ann – Louis. â€Å"The value of HBDI in facilitating effective teaching and learning in criminology. † Acta criminologica vol 14(1)2001. Acessed 21st May 2008 from http://www. hbdi. co. za/deboervdb. pdf . Voges, A.â€Å"research on how adults learn† University of Pretoria. (2005)accessed 21st may 2008 from http://upetd. up. ac. za/thesis/available/etd-08112005-153748/unrestricted/02chapter2. pdf Barbara, M. (1982). Unicorns are real A right brained approach to learning. jalmar press. Gibson, S. Roberta, M. (2004) â€Å"What Constructivist Theory and Brain Research May Offer Social Studies† constructive curriculum theory. Accessed 21st May 2008 from http://cc. ctu. edu. tw/~g eek/Constructivist%20Curriculum%20Model. htm Carla, H. (1995) Smart moves. Great ocean publishers

The Endless Shildhood Of Christopher Mccandless English Literature Essay

One of my friends is so annoyed at society that he decides to swim across the Pacific Ocean in the dark with 60 lbs of rice. What would you experience about this friend of mine? Is he a airy, or merely a psycho? Krakauer ‘s book â€Å" Into the Wild † A is a existent narrative about such an highly idealistic immature adult male, Christopher McCandless, who behaved precisely like my friend. McCandless leaves his comfort zone to go through some of those black and bare countries to seek his intimacy to nature as a manner of demoing his ripening. Tragically, he is wounded in Alaska, deep in the forests, and dies in an derelict Fairbanks metropolis coach where he camps out. So does Christopher McCandless truly turn up? Some people regard him as a hero, stating what he did interrupt an unseeable concatenation that sentimentally locks him up, and the load he feels from his parents and society. He goes on to happen his ain manner, though non the same manner as we normally do. Even though he ne'er succeeds, he deserves our regard since one has to hold an tremendous bravery to step out of the safety and the societal parturiency. But what I think, there is nil romantic about him, running off from the universe, wholly unprepared, merely for penalizing his parents and all of those who â€Å" do n't understand † ? His narrative is tragic and thought provoking, non romantic. I merely feel sorry for his household. Krakauer mentioned a batch of similar unattached immature work forces who runs off from their household trusting to happen happiness and peace in the wild, or possibly merely to pull attending. â€Å" Entering the wilderness purposefully ill-prepared, and lasting a near-death experience does non do you a better homo, it makes you curse lucky † . ( Krakauer, page 71 ) Almost to everyone, those are troublesome childs, wholly idealistic, and unprepared to last on their ain. Harmonizing to writers all of them about stop up died in similar state of affairss. Comparing to McCandless and those cats, Wayne Westerberg at the maize factory is what adulthood is truly approximately. For Chris, the poulet in the microwave is a good illustration ; it ‘s the â€Å" romantic † semblance that causes many work forces like Chris to lose their lives. Again like Wayne Westerberg who thinks of and care about everyone, adulthood is about loving and caring for others. Christopher McCandless does non understand the significance of love. He unwisely chooses to walk into the shrubs for a self-destructive decease. After graduation, he disappeared, left his household in choler. Mature people would ne'er make that to others they love, even if they have jobs with them. Would it be that difficult to drop a message, to give a phone call, or merely make anything? Chris could merely state, â€Å" I ‘m still alive, and I ‘ve decided to populate off route for a piece, but I will ever be in touch. â€Å" A Yet he â€Å" gives off a little luck, abandon a loving household, abandoned his auto, ticker and map and burned the last of his money before shleping off into the ‘wilderness ‘ West of Healy † ( Krakauer, page 71 ) , which would merely do his household think something bad had happened. All those actions are non epic, and surely non inspirational. He does n't convey a compass, neither does he brings a elaborate map, but sardonically he chooses to populate in this coach. He can ne'er happen a manner to truly flight from the society. He will merely remain in the charming coach for a short 112 yearss, and die anonymously for that. ( Sparknotes ) He ne'er values his life plenty to hold on merely a few basic accomplishments to last, so how can we state he is mature? What truly inspirational are people or heroes who live in the natural state but still care about people they love. Dick Proenneke is one of them, who started his venture in theA wilderness of Alaska when he was already past 50. He finally used fundamental tools to construct a cabin, ate what he hunted, fished or grown, etc. And he lasted it for 30 old ages. Even though he had a guy bead him supplies, what he did was still truly inspirational. He frequently went back to see his household, sharing his love for the out-of-doorss and adventure.A ( Wikipedia ) Compared with Dick Proenneke, Chris is much more of a cockamamie male child. He has ne'er had a elaborate program to travel back or any supply backup. I ne'er mean to be violative to the McCandless household, but any one with limited resource life in the wild alone is a self-destructive effort, although I ‘m certain they ‘ve ( his household members ) shared with the same ideas. ( Endnotes ) In any dictionary, we can happen similar accounts to the word â€Å" mature † . It is â€Å" one that is to the full developed or ripe. † ( Oxford English Dictionary ) But how can we specify that we are to the full developed? We begin our internal growing the twenty-four hours we come to the Earth. As clip goes by, our experience accumulates, but we still run into new challenges, new troubles and new escapades. We are ne'er experienced plenty to cover with all those fresh things we confront. So, what is existent mature? In my sentiment, to be mature is to act responsibly, to face challenges carefully, and to love people wholeheartedly. Adults are non kids any more. We can non merely state, â€Å" It ‘s non my concern † and escape like a coward when confronting dangers and troubles. There is no room to compromise, but merely to endeavor frontward. We have to cognize what is fear, what may ache us. We have to take into consideration of all the effects and acc ept the worst consequence. When we choose to take the undertaking, no affair how difficult it is, we will lodge to it until we have the right reply. And besides accept it no affair that reply is happy or non. That is what a mature adult male should make, with unagitated attitude and passion. Most of all, a existent mature individual understands the power of love. S/he cares about others, does things in their favour, and even by making that means to scarify him or herself. Whatever he does, he cares about feelings of people around him or his opposite number. Those are my definitions of a mature adult male, a none-perfect but a healthily developed individual. Comparisons to the mature group of people, a just sum of juvenile people in this universe feels that they non necessitate others ‘ love like McCandless. Possibly because they have been turned down when they are small, or possibly they have beenA deridedA with teasing comments. By distancing themselves from others, they are willing to experience the hurting of purdah instead than the hurting of farther, possible rejection. I am ever inquiring how do they shut the spread, either by seeking to detect their ain value, self-respect so that they can accept a new relationship or merely by leting the emptiness of despairing topographic points to protect them from farther hurt? ( Endnotes ) A Sadly, McCandless chooses the 2nd one, wastes his life. â€Å" He tried excessively difficult to do sense of the universe, to calculate out why people were bad to each other so frequently. † ( Krakauer, page18 ) He could hold done something more meaningful with his comfortable life alternati vely of making nil. But he ‘s hunted by an imbecile thought to populate off land in Alaska with every bit small resource as possible. It seems to me every bit amusing as Timothy Treadwell ‘s phantasy life with wild Grizzlies. ( Wikipedia ) There are still a batch of people like Chris today who pays a monetary value for their immatureness. One narrative published last hebdomad on Yahoo intelligence is about the decease of a follower to McCandeless. â€Å" Cavalrymans say 29-year-old Claire Jane Ackermann attempted to traverse the Teklanika River with a 27-year-old adult male from France on Saturday when they lost their terms and were pulled under by the current, and the adult male survived. † ( AP intelligence ) Not until the minute McCandeless realizes â€Å" Happy merely existent when shared † ( Krakauer, page 178 ) does he complete his ultimate transmutation to a responsible mature adult male. But his life shortly ends in tragic, which is a rough duty for him to take. What promising is we readers have seen him eventually grew up even merely before he dies. â€Å" He was ready, possibly, to cast a small of the armour he wore around his bosom, that upon returning to civilisation, he intended to go a member of the human community. † ( Krakauer, Page 179 ) He eventually understands the importance of the function love plays in the mature would. If there is an after-life, we are certain that Chris will understand the significance of adulthood and will be more mature.Sources: 1.Enote Editors. â€Å" Enote on Into the Wild. † Enote.com/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.enotes.com/into-wild. 2.SparkNotes Editors. â€Å" SparkNote on Into the Wild. † SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2002. Web. 1 Oct. 2010. 3.Yahoo News. â€Å" Swiss adult female drowns in Alaska river near site from the book † / hypertext transfer protocol: //www.journalpioneer.com/Canada — -World/Arts/2010-08-17/article-1679680/Swiss-woman-drowns-in-Alaska-river-near-site-from-book, -movie, -Into-the-Wild/1. 4.Wikipedia Editors. â€Å" Wikipedia on Into The Wild. † Wikipedia.com/ hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_ ( movie ) . 5.Wikipedia Editors. â€Å" Wikipedia on coming of age. † Wikipedia.com/ hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_of_age. degree Fahrenheit

Implementing Strategic Sourcing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Implementing Strategic Sourcing - Assignment Example The C&C Company outsourced its Human Resource functions to a US based company XperTrans. However, the client did not get what they wanted by outsourcing their HR functions because of the inability of the supplier to undertake the contract. The escalation of commitment to the IT enabled HR business project occurred because the client was not in any position to meet the requirements of the tender. In fact, the supplier, XperTrans was only 10% into the Human Resource Outsourcing business, meaning that they only took this contract as a way of expanding their business strategy. In addition, the big client that the company netted through this contract was another way of creating a reputable brand image for the supplier, especially in the field of HRO The failure of the contract began by the lack of incorporation of the operations department in drafting the contract. The XperTrans left the whole project in the hands of the sales department, which only talked big in order to please the client, but did not consider the ability of the operations department in rolling out the contract. Furthermore, company used a US based software program to undertake all its HRO solutions in all the countries which the client had subsidiaries. This was a wrong move, as the program does not work similarly across all countries due to the specific differences in laws and legal procedures of each EMEA region. As such, it was impossible for the supplier to consolidate all its services, especially the payrolls of all the employees. The ambitious nature of this contract is what led to is massive failure.

Consumerism and the Community College Student Essay

Consumerism and the Community College Student - Essay Example Chris determined this information through the use of a highly-honed ability to observe and mentally evaluate the sum total of the articles and clothing possessed by the people around her. Through this assessment (which includes not only the material price of each item, but it’s acceptability within the â€Å"now† trends) Chris was able to determine whether each classmate was of the â€Å"right† crowd or, if not, to what degree they were lacking. Like many people within a consumer society such as America, Chris was basing her identity, and therefore the identities of those around her, on a purely material basis. Based on the stuff they own in 2005, community college students’ cultural backgrounds cause them to live â€Å"constructed lives.† Students such as Chris use materialistic cues such as the style of dress, individual possessions and the ability to keep up with the ever-changing market trends to help them identify others sharing a similar desire to obtain something called the â€Å"right† life. â€Å"We want our lives to match our vision of the good life, itself largely a product of the media. We want to have the right clothes, the right car, the right house, the right job, the right spouse, the right children, even the right toothpaste† (Gabler). Because certain items have come to symbolize individual levels attained in the search for the â€Å"perfect† life, college students strive to attain the material goods rather than focus on developing an identity independent of worldly possessions.

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Case study - Essay Example On this end, much depends on how Maersk Line implements business strategy that would ensure efficient use of resources at their disposal to effect a sustainable change (Ferrulli 2005, p.26). The new business model that Maersk Line intends to implement is appropriate in terms of the company’s position as a leader in the shipping business. Compared to competitors, Maersk Line is in ideal position to capitalize on its stature as a world leader in container shipping to increase its clientele. In addition, the company deals in the shipment of various goods and this provides a competitive edge compared to other companies that specializes in the shipment of goods from one line. The company also boasts of an edge over competitors in regard to its extensive network globally and essential in improving the company’s sales across the globe. In terms of modernization, the company boasts of modern vessels compared to competitor’s vessels and this is important in enhancing the shipment of sensitive cargo. The strategy of focusing on long term contracts is essential in terms of maintaining a significant number of clients that deals in large shipment globally such as Nike and Walmart. The existence of extra add-value services as offered by Maersk Line is very essential in terms enhancing customer satisfaction, often disappointed with delays in the delivery of goods. In this sense, despite Maersk Line improving its competitiveness in container shipping, the challenges that still exist in the container shipping business require the company to adopt other business strategies significant in resolving the identified challenges (Slack & Fremont 2009, p.23). Differentiation as a business strategy is important in terms of improving a company’s advantage over competitors in the same line of business. This is important in attracting and maintaining previous customers or clients that a company serves, and the main features of differentiating involves reviewing a company’s available human skill, the techniques used to provide services to customers and brand name incapable of duplication by competitors, without incurring extra costs and risks. In addition, differentiation as a strategy entails setting out predetermined measures ideal in producing or delivering services to customers in a way that customers view as different (Slack & Fremont 2009, p.26). As a result, the strategies that Maersk Line intends to implement should target unique needs of the customers and in a way that provides Maersk Line a competitive edge. The current trend in container shipping business is hyper-competitive and adopting a formidable business strategy in terms of differentiation is necessary. Companies often compete by either adopting a low price strategy or implementing an efficient differentiation strategy that improves sales. In essence, differentiation as a marketing tool is important for any company’s survival in a competitive global market. W hile Maersk Line intends to address the challenges, it has identified in the container shipping industry to improve its competitiveness, it is also important to look at issues such as performance gap, as felt by customers in the

Austin Wood Products Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Austin Wood Products - Case Study Example When current assets are misreported then the company’s liquidity becomes deviated from its actual level. The whole interconnectedness of the mentioned problems is going to comprise strategic decisions of the company. Additionally, it is imperative to note for organizational management that inventory management is not at all a rocket science in nature but it is rather based on what humans called commonsense. The general idea of inventory management is to maintain adequate levels of supply of raw materials and finished goods that the production cycle continues to operate while, customers do not return from the company’s outlets empty-handedly respectively. The case highlights the problems that are being caused by the complete absence of inventory management system. The workers do not record changes in inventory. The sales volume of the company is expected to go up by 20% in the next month and therefore, they need inventory management system. The company in an Austin based firm and it has started its operations in 19801 and during 1983, it moved to the current location in order to benefit from less formal business environment. The company has to take simple steps regarding maintaining a clearer picture of its inventory situation. They have to come up with average demand of each type of products that they can use to determine the level of order points of every item. The company is suggested to apply ABC method of inventory management which is known to divide products into three distinctive categories. Type A refers to such items which are significantly priced but their sales are slow and therefore, they generate less sales with respect to volume but at the same time, render financial benefit of notable level to their sellers. The A type of products represent 5% to 10% of the company’s physical inventory whereas, they stand for more than 40% of sales volume in monetary terms.

Assignment 3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

3 - Assignment Example systematic consistency with the English Language style and presentation guidelines f) no unacknowledged use of the work of other people or sources (1) In preparation to this coursework, One of the things I did was to read a lot of books and articles so as to improve my language and linguistic skills. Another thing that I did in preparation to this courswork was to listen to several movies and songs with different accents and dialects so as to improve my understanding of phonetics and phonology. (2) i. Into The Flames’. Chapter 1 of: Sheehy, Gail. 1999. Hillary’s Choice. Random House, New York. (a) I choose the part where Bill Clinton fell in love with a divorced woman in Arkansas in the late 1980’s leading to Hillary contemplating divorcing him. In this part, the linguistic formulation gives rise to the effect of portraying Hillary as a strong woman. The syntax in this part of the book is that the words and the sentences are arranged to first of all show that Hil lary was not to blame for her husband falling in love with the other woman and hence makes it a sad ordeal for her and then brings the element of decision making and perseverance and hence portraying her as a very strong woman who is able to handle difficult situations and come out victorious. (b) This writing is a bibliography. It talks about the life of Hillary Clinton. One linguistic feature of the text which is associated with this kind of writing is writing in retrospect as it is an account of past events. (c) One inference I have made from reading the text is that women are very strong emotionally. (d) The evidence in the text which support my inference is the fact that Hillary, a woman, was able to stand the emotional stress of her husband falling in love with another woman who was the Arkansas divorcee and also allegedly cheating on her with Monica a state house intern. (e) Aspects of the language used in this text have led me to make this inference as they have portrayed Hi llary as having been subjected to a lot of emotional torture as a woman. She played her role as a wife perfectly but somehow all did not go well for her. The language used in this text makes one feel pity and compassion for Hillary. The fact that she comes over all the challenges that faced her indeed portrays her as very strong and as a typical woman, hence leading to my inference that women are very strong. (f) In order to make it less likely to make this inference, a relevant passage in the text would be one which describes Hillary as a special woman who is extremely different from all other woman and thus making it clear that all her actions and decisions are unique to her alone and no other woman on earth. (3) (ii) WRITING AND ANALYSIS: a) Produce a piece of writing of up to 1000 words which represents ONE of the following: a newspaper article commenting on a recent news story (you can decide what the story is and choose a real or invented one) Should the UK have invited Presid ent Kenyatta? The UK government plaid host to the newly elected President of the republic of

Protection of children.A critical analysis of violence upon film Essay

Protection of children.A critical analysis of violence upon film - Essay Example The investigation also disclosed that she was forced to sleep in the bin liner in the bath. And yet, it is also the story of institutions that have failed our children, a bureaucracy that has neglected the most vulnerable members of our society, and individual officials whose individual omissions have resulted in collective negligence. In the hearings subsequent to the death of Victoria Climbie, it was discovered that she was seen by dozens of social workers, medical practitioners and police officers but all of them failed to either detect signs of abuse or failed to act on them until it was too late. The inquiry revealed that there were as many as 12 opportunities were the authorities could have intervened, but failed to. Though Victoria’s abusers were eventually sent to jail and sentenced to life imprisonment, the hard questions still remain. How could this kind of abuse – so horrible and grotesque – to a child of tender years have gone undetected? Is the system so decrepit, so shot full of holes that despite many warning signs and many opportunities to save Victoria’s life, she still ended up battered and dead, with 128 injuries on her frail body? And perhaps the most troubling question of all: could this happen again? Dare we allow this to happen again? Indeed, child abuse is an issue of grave importance, and maltreatment, something more complex than we think1. It has long been established that children’s rights are human rights and that it is the duty of every state to act in the best interests of the child and to provide a safe environment conducive to his development. Under the 1959 UN Declaration on the Rights of the Child, humankind should â€Å"guarantee the human rights of children is to invest in the future. Childrens rights are the building blocks for a solid human rights culture, the basis for securing human rights for future generations†. As human beings children should have more right and their rights are in fact

Climate Change and The Global Warming Debate Case Study

Climate Change and The Global Warming Debate - Case Study Example Perhaps the most illustrative and influential in getting the message across was Al Gore’s ‘An Inconvenient Truth.’ The title in itself denotes of the apprehension to identify global warming as an imperative issue that must be discussed in order to address what is necessarily happening in the world. The documentary showed among other things how the polar ice caps are swiftly melting to the effect that a huge amount of the sun’s heat is absorbed and trapped in our atmosphere causing an increase in the earth’s temperature. These glaciers play an important role and have a direct correlation to global warming. The film supports this with scientific data and research accompanied by actual pictures of places in between decades showing the discrepancy man have caused (Guggenheim & Gore, 2006). Faced with this global problem, scientists have also offered solutions to impede and slowdown the process. The most important tool in dealing with environmental woes i s the shift toward sustainability for purposes that human beings do not exhaust the Earth’s natural resources. ... Reliance on energy is a given fact and where our main sources of energy such as coal and fossil fuel are mainly consumable, they necessarily run out that those who are rich in them rake in the profit and play a major role in the determination of the world’s economy. Renewable energy comes in as an answer to this dilemma as a viable alternative source of energy. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change on their 2007 Synthesis Report provides for the necessity and the benefits of renewable energy. The introduction of new policies that implement energy efficiency should entail the institution of renewable energy which also promotes economic benefits and sufficient energy accompanied by lesser pollution. Among the main thrust of the report is to identify how this should also be beneficial for developing countries who require more energy not only in the business establishments but also particularly in the household. These countries rely mostly on coal as a source of energy and often resort to deforestation. The IPCC provides that â€Å"Energy efficiency and utilisation of renewable energy offer synergies with sustainable development† (p. 59, 2007). This in consequence provides for economic benefits for countries requiring cost-efficient energy with security while reducing pollution. The main opposition to the proposition that there truly is global warming brought about mainly by the copious amount of greenhouse gasses are ubiquitously called greenhouse doubters. The advocates to bring global warming into the limelight on the other hand are most likely to call them as deniers. They have been more prominent in the 1980s through to early 2000 when there had been more scientists in consensus that global warming is a reality based on scientific data.

Simple pendulum experiment Essay Example for Free

Simple pendulum experiment Essay A string measured to be over 1 meter, so as when its length was being adjusted there was enough string to pull on from between the wooden blocks, was tied to a bob. The end of the string was then placed between two wooden blocks and adjusted so that the length of the pendulum was 1 meter. The wood blocks were then placed in the clamp and the grip was tightened. The pendulum suspension was made sure to be friction-free so that the wood blocks could provide a point of suspension for the string. The angle at which the pendulum is drawn out to should be small. The smaller the angle, the closer the harmonic motion it will behave because the restoring force is acting tangent to the arc the pendulum moves through instead of being outside of it. The time taken for 20 oscillations with the length of the pendulum being 1 meter was recorded but was also repeated for accuracy. The two times were averaged and the result was divided by 20 so as to find the time for one oscillation which was then squared. The length of the pendulum was decreased by 0. 1 m each time. The pendulum should swing freely without hitting anything. A table was drawn to record the results and from this a graph was plot. Results: Table showing the time taken for 20 oscillations for each length. Time for 20 oscillations l/m t1/s t2/s AverageGradient = g g= gradient   g = 0. 24ms-2   39. 48 = 9. 79 ms-2 Conclusion: Using a simple pendulum, the acceleration due to gravity was concluded to be 9. 79 ms-2.

Organisation And Behaviour Report Management Essay

Organisation And Behaviour Report Management Essay This report will discuss the impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation in organisations in periods of change, it compare the application of different motivation a theories within the workplace and the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers. However, this report also explains the nature of groups and group behaviour within organisations; the factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective teamwork in organisations and evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within an organisation. The organisations that this report will focus are Tesco and Asda. Discuss the impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation in organisations in periods of change Leadership is an association through which one person influences the behaviours of other persons in an organisation. Motivation is the process by which the behaviour of an individual is influenced by others, through their power to offer or withhold satisfaction of the individuals needs and goals. (BPP Learning Media, 2010) Leadership styles and their impacts on motivation: Leadership is about influencing, motivating and inspiring people. The essential job of management is the well-organised and effective use of human resources for the attainment of organisational targets. Effective using of human resource cannot be achievable without motivate the employees of the organisation. Therefore, to motivate the employees, leadership styles play a significant role because they make the company culture that influences the organisation and its performance. There are different types of leadership styles and each type has its own impact on motivation in work organisations and those are autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire leadership. Autocratic leadership: The autocratic leadership style is one which leaders have absolute power over their workers or team. They tell people what to do instead of asking for employees opinions or suggestions. For example, Tesco use autocratic leadership because the company needs too or the tasks won not be approved out inside the business. Tescos autocratic leaders give employees their role and responsibilities. This can give their business clear route but it may also guide managers to overlook input from their teams. It is important when Tescos business faces a critical situation or when an immediate problem occurs that requires an urgent reaction. Autocratic leadership style allows Tescos managers to make most functioning decisions. For example, if an accident happens in the store, manager might take control to ensure a quick and co-ordinated reply, and they have the right to make the last decision. However, Tescos managers are attempting to convince their teams to accept their opinion. Also their manage rs get the opinions of the lower staff before taking a decision. So if they did not use autocratic then Tescos wouldnt be run sufficiently. Democratic leadership: Although democratic leaders make the last decisions, they call other members of the team to add to the decision-making process. For example, Tesco accepts democratic leadership to boost job contentment by involving team members, and helps to develop peoples skills. Under this leadership style, Tescos staffs feel esteemed, that is why staffs are encouraged to work hard by more than a monetary remuneration. Tesco chooses leadership roles to staffs in the organisation so that everyone is clear about their responsibilities, to implement the strategic decisions through efficient communication and doing a follow up on the employees to ensure that they providing quality services. This increases team motivation and encourages creativity. Laissez-faire leadership: Is a style where the manager observes that members of the group are working well on their own (Mullins, 2005). Tescos managers adopted laissez-faire leadership, where they give all authority and power to the employees and they must determine goals, make decisions, and resolve problems on their own. Working under laissez-faire leadership style, employees can improve their communication skills, teamwork skills as well as enhance loyalty and responsibility. See Tescos all leadership styles in (Appendix 1) Compare the application of different motivational theories within the workplace Motivation theories can be classified extensively into two different viewpoints. See content and process theories of motivation in (Appendix 2). Content theories emphasis on what motivates individual and process theories emphasis on the real process of motivation. Motivation is complex. Its influenced by withdrawals and reinforced by multiple factors. According to classic motivational theorists such as Maslow and Herzberg, human beings have a set of needs or desired outcomes and will act in such a way to fulfil them while other motivational theorists such as Victor and Locke argued that the informed expectations and particular targets will become motivator factors that lead humans to act and work in order to reach desirable goals. Maslow puts forward a theory that there are five levels of human needs which employees need to have fulfilled at work, see (Appendix 3). There are two things to remember about Maslows model. First, employee must satisfy lower level needs before they seek to satisfy higher level needs. Second, once they have satisfied a need, it no longer motivates them; the next higher need takes its place. In other hand, Herzberg theory suggests that there are two basic needs of individuals such as hygiene factors (environmental factors) and motivation factors, see (Appendix 4). Herzberg outlines the main issues concerning motivation: those factor that motivation employee in the workplace (motivation factors) and those factors that prevented job dissatisfaction (hygiene factors). Herzberg encouraged leaders to study the job itself rather than conditions of work. Porter and Lawler argues that human act according to their conscious expectations that a particular behavior will lead to specific desirable goals, see (Appendix 5). Three component of expectancy t theory are: E P (Expectancy): The employee believes that his/her efforts will result in acceptable performance. P R (Instrumentality): the employee believes that acceptable performance will lead to the desired outcome or reward. R (Valence): the employee values the reward. P 494 Comparing to other theories, Locke theory suggests that motivation and performance will be high if individuals are put specific objectives which are difficult, but accepted and where comment is given on performance. See (Appendix 6). Practical implication for the manager of goal theory include: the need for systematic identification of specific performance goals. The need for goals to be challenging but realistic; the importance of complete and accurate feedback on results and the need for goals to be determined either by a superior or by the individuals themselves. However, according to McGregor theory, manager of organisation posses two different assumptions about the human nature and s/he explained these two assumptions in two different theories: Theory X and Theory Y. According to theory X, the human being has always being inherited for the disliking of the work. They always try to avoid the work either they can do or not. According to him, managers always think that their employees are lazy. Manager has to forced, direct and controlled his people to do work. For example: Tesco use two motivation hierarchies (Maslow and Herzberg), see both hierarch in (Appendix 7 and 8). Tesco use Maslow theory because it suggested them if they achieve one level then it motivates them to achieve the next. Also Tesco aims to motivate its staffs both by paying interest to hygiene factors and by enabling satisfiers. For example, it motivates and empowers its staffs by suitable and opportune communication, by giving responsibility and involving employees in decision making. They forums this in which staff can be part of the discussions on pay rises. This shows credit of the work that staffs do and rewards them. Tesco staff can even control what food goes onto its restaurant menus. Employees consequently become motivated to make choices that will increase their use of the restaurants. In other hand ASDA believe in McGregor theory y. They completely have a positive approach towards their employee handling. They create awareness between their employees to gather information about different fields. The employees working as ASDA either individually or working as a team learn to face challenges. The different method adopted by ASDA is that they make different teams and make them competitor between themselves by providing the same task and hence see their performance by the results gained for the improvement of the company. Theory X does also apply to ASDA, especially where staffs are concerned. The emphasis is on the use of money and control to encourage employees to perform in the correct manner. In addition to this, ASDA give time and a half pay to employees on Sunday as a motivation. Evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers. Motivation is to encourage people to work, independently or in teams in the ways such as to create best results. It is the desire to apply high levels of attempted towards organisational aims, conditioned by the attempts and capability to satisfy some individual need. Motivation is apply to the whole class of drives, desires, needs and wishes. Managers motivate their subordinates is to say that they do those things which they hope will satisfy these desires and compel the subordinates to perform in a desired method. The most important task of management is to motivate others. It comprises the abilities to communicate, to set an example, to challenge, encourage, getting feedback, to develop and train, to inform and to provide a just reward. See motivation process on (Appendix 9). Employees have to be treated with diligence. The manager has to stay friendly as well as maintain a level of distance with his/her staff. It is a tricky ground to tread. The staffs look up on the manager as their leader. They expect maturity, rationality and understanding from their superiors. Simple things like calling people by their first name, chatting or even a general inquiry about their well-being, brings in a feeling of belongingness. All the employees in the organisation vibrate to a different place. A treatment that motivates one may not motivate the other. Understanding the difference in character and temperament in between the individuals is important. Managers set reasonable goals. Planning too high task creates a feeling of non-achievement, right from the beginning itself. The goals set should be such which looks feasible to the staffs to be achieved. A slightly higher target than expected provides a challenge. Explain the nature of groups and group behavior within organisations The term group can be defined as two or more persons interacting and working together for a common purpose. When people work in groups rather than as individuals, the goals of the organisation can be easily achieved. However, working in a group is a complex task. Group dynamics refers to the interactions among the members of a group. A work group of an organisation is the most important base for the social identity of employees in that organisation. Therefore, performance at work and relationships outside the organisation are influenced by the nature of groups in the organisation. Nature of Groups: Different kinds of groups are created to get specific results in organisations. The members accept a common task, become mutually dependent in their performance, and interact with each other to promote its achievement. There are three views on the nature of interaction between members of a group. The first view is the normative view, which describes how to carry out activities and manage a group. According to the second view, group dynamics includes of a set of techniques which include, role play, team building, sensitivity training and self-managed teams. The third view explains group dynamics from the point of view of the internal nature of the groups. The structure of groups and performance are discussed in this view along with the effect of groups on individuals, other groups, and the complete organisation. Dynamics of Group Formation: Organisations form groups for a variety of reasons. Different classical theories of groups attempt to explain why managers form groups. The theory of proximity suggests employees closeness as the reason because individuals who working at places located close to one another tend to form groups. According to balance theory, group formation results from the resemblance of attitudes and values between members. Individuals with common interests sustain their relationship by an equal balance between their attitudes and common interests. Another theory of group formation is the exchange theory. It suggests reward-cost outcomes of interaction as the reason. By becoming members of a group, individuals complete their need for association. Formal Groups: A group formed by the organisation to achieve a specific task is termed as a formal group. The organisation structure a formal group and gives tasks and responsibilities to different members with the intent of reaching organisational aims. Command groups and task groups are examples of formal groups. A command group is relatively permanent in nature and finds representation in the organisation chart. Task groups, on the other hand, are formed for a specific task and are temporary in nature. Informal Groups: Informal groups are formed by the staffs themselves. The reasons for the formation of informal groups can be the need for closeness, ordinary interests, growth or support. There are two types of informal groups: friendship groups and interest groups. Members of friendship groups have a friendly relationship with each other, common interests and are similar in age and view, but interest groups are formed to manage an activity and are temporary. The Five-Stage Model: According to the five-stage model of group development, all groups pass through the forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning stages. Forming: This is the first stage of group formation where members aim to identify acceptable behaviour in a group. The members try to format their behaviour so as be a part of the group. Storming: In this stage, disagreements about leadership between members might give leads to other involvements. By the end of this stage, a comparatively clear structure of positions in the group emerges. Norming: This stage of group increases a sense of comradeship in members through the development of close relationships. Performing: In this stage, members of the group show committed performance to achieve aims defined in the norming stage. Adjourning: This is the last stage for provisional groups such as task groups or committees formed to do some tasks. After this stage, the groups stop to exist. While some of the members may feel happy about the achievements, others may be unhappy that they will lose friends after the group disperses. The effectiveness of groups is supposed to increase through the stages. Discuss factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective teamwork in organisations An effective team is one that achieves high level of task performance, member satisfaction, and team viability. There are a number of factors that are required to develop effective teamwork, and those factors are: good leadership, effective communication, diversity and plan for disagreement resolution. Leadership is one of the most important parts of teamwork. This means that the team leader have the ability to create and sustain a working culture that is positive, which in turn will help to motivate. For example, Tesco have good leadership and this helps them to motivate and even inspire the team members to get involved in creating a positive working environment, along with high levels of obligation. Tescos team leader not only focuses on their own aim and direction of the team, but also makes sure that the other members of the team share this focus. Also they are capable to promote a high level of morale between the team members so that they feel supported and valued. Tesco train their employees to have good and effective communication because communication is a very important factor of interpersonal interaction. Therefore, one of the key facets of teamwork is open communication, wherein it enables members of the team to expressive their feelings, plans and shares their ideas, and understands each others viewpoints. Also in case of poor communication observed Tescos leaders work around the aspect and make way for effective communication between the team members. Diversity also promotes creativity, innovation, and raises Tescos awareness and respect for differences, which will support effective teamwork. However, team members have a way of saying their opinions without fear of causing offense to anyone. In fact, it is recommendable for the team leader to actually sit with the parties in disagreement and work out the differences between them. However, teamwork can only come about when the team leader sets a task, which can be following by the team members. Evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within a given organisation New technology has been introduced into the workplaces. Many organisations see new technology as the means to increase profit and to stay competitive in a marketplace. For example, at Tesco, IT is at the heart of everything they do to make shopping better for customers. New technologies can free up Tescos staff capacity, increase job satisfaction through better communication and improve role responsibilities, by giving different grades of staff an opportunity to take part in new tasks. On the positive side, new technologies have an impact on how staff can be trained and updated. Examples include simulation technology, accessing information via handheld devices, interactive DVDs and online training. Tesco use online technologies because it is easier for staff to access information, share good practice and keep up to date with new research. The use of new technologies can improve and in some cases hinder team functioning. As technology changes teams must update and maintain their knowledge in order to function effectively. E-mail, Mobile phones, groupware and computers are technologies which have improved team functions within an organisation. Tesco use these technologies to improve team functions. Email allows staffs to communication with each other from different place which means that Tesco team members do not need to be in the same place at the same time in order to communicate effectively. They use mobile phones because it allow teams to communicate even when team members are out of the office or otherwise unavailable. However, Tesco use personal computers because it allows their team members to carry out different tasks and communicate more effectively. IT systems play a key role in helping Tescos deliver strong profits and they improved scanners, better self service tills, and checkout cameras were helping it reduce queues. Self-service checkouts now account for a fifth of all of Tesco transactions. Recommendation: This recommendation allowing British Airways and Coca Cola Conclusion: After studying and a analysing the results of this report show that there are